Critically Analyse the UK Governments Strategy towards Work Training and Skills in the Light of the Current Economic Downturn

Critically Analyse the UK Governments Strategy towards Work Training and Skills in the Light of the Current Economic Downturn Introduction The global economy has been striving for a sustainable growth following the global financial crisis and its recessionary impact; however, the advanced economy like Europe stay behind fragile still 2012 with a global growth of 4% although the emerging Asia nations evidenced better recovery rate up to 7 ¼% while the UK economy gained 4 ¾% (BIS 2010, p.8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Analyse the UK Governments Strategy towards Work Training and Skills in the Light of the Current Economic Downturn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Under such economic downturn, the government of UK has aimed to establish foundation for new style of growth in the UK introducing aggressive and productive economy through training and skills development that would ultimately improve the living standards, climate change and efficient public service delivery and gear up the recovery rate. This paper has aimed to a ssess how the knowledge development and boost of intellectual skills and training for organisational development could assist to overcome the impact of current economic downturn in the national and international levels providing right direction for sustainable growth that would ultimately assist the policymakers for further research. The Theoretical Framework for Training and Skills Development Keating (2007) pointed out that the changing dynamics of employment patterns have generated the emergence for wider investigation with the theoretical framework for training and skills development in order to establish sustainable national skills strategy aimed to keep effective contribution to productivity and would capable to meet the international skill market demand. There are diverse methods of skills development practice in different countries with increasing complexities the skills development systems particularly address the local market needs while academia structure their learning d irection with compliance to the national direction for responsible skills ambitions. This part of the paper would discuss some theoretical framework essential to analyse the UK skills development and employment strategy aimed to establish an excellent human resource motivating the engagement of employer and employee aligned with skills for the future. Interventionist Views of Skill Development PRO-ED Inc (2010) mentioned that the interventionist views of skill development argued to focus on the activity-based where every intervention session would generate learning familiarities for both the interventionist along with the person who receiving that service, for instance the children and his guide working together has many things to learn vice versa.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Activity based learning involved to many complex things derived from the environment throughout intervention that is pleasant, tranquil, along with mutually supportive by the learner and teacher productive sessions, where the production process is very interesting for practical learning from operation, in the playground a child could learn how to play cricket that may difficult to taught at reading room. From the viewpoint of interventionists, the transformation of knowledge through activity-based scheme contributes to learning strict rules and regulation during intervention sessions that can develop capabilities to conquer the disturbing situation without troubling the others. Durrant (2012) pointed out that the Labour government during 1997 introduced the paradox in skills policy for the UK with delicately shifted direction aligned with voluntarism of skills demand, with framework of skills supply influenced by the interventionist role for the government directed to the private and public sector employees development with skills ambitions aimed to reach at the target. Strate gic Plan of UK for Employment and Skills Development UKCES (2009) pointed that the government of UK has set up its strategy for skills development with major two goals that is to generate sustainable economic growth and to deliver enough opportunity of employment for all working force of the country, the government also determined to shift the UK in to global leading position for employment and skills. The ‘UK Commission for Employment and Skills’1 is the governmental agency formed with the leaders of private and public sector and dedicated to implementing the such highly ambitious goals and empowered to provide necessary suggestion and direction to the top level the government to generate skills at all level of the country within 2010. Following the global financial crisis in 2008, the UKCES was organised and setup its board responsibilities to assess annually the progress in the employment and skills development, advice to create employment opportunity, improve skills , innovation, and productivity homogeneously all over the country to generate quick progress by encountering with the economic downturn. At the same time, the UKCES also responsible to formulate policy for skill development, implication of those policies, identify the challenges of implication and look after the delivery of innovation with wider engagement of the employees through adequate investment for the programme of workforce skill development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Analyse the UK Governments Strategy towards Work Training and Skills in the Light of the Current Economic Downturn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More UK Policies and Practice for Skills Development UKCES (2010) pointed to its vision to establish the nation pedestal on with excellent skills aligned with sustainable economic growth and employment opportunities for all and setup its gaol to reach at world class skill levels and place UK at the top eighth of the OECD nations by 2020, it indicates that the country has to generate 20 million employment opportunity. During the last decade, millions of apprentices have achieved basic and intermediate skills, but there are significant numbers of unemployed among them, on the contrary, to meet the increasing needs of skills the UK employers are spending  £20 billion per annum for training and skills development; thus, it is really a great challenge for the government to attain vision 2020. To encounter with the challenges the government has set out following three strategic priorities Strategic Priority-1: Strategic Demand Oriented Employment and Skills System:   The top priority of employment and skills scheme is to generate sustainable economic growth through an efficient system that enables quick response to the market demand oriented supply of human resource with provocative skills competent for the future while the academia would assist the individuals to maximise their talents; Strategic Priority-2: Maximum Prospect of individual Skills and Sustainable Job Opportunity:   The UK would attain excellence of global standard workforce by 2020 and to do so, the next priority of the government would focus on individual ambitions providing maximum opportunity for all individuals to engage their talents in the right direction with appropriate training and skills development programme that would ultimately bring professional success and prosperity of the individual; Strategic Priority-3: Boost of Employer Ambition for Additional Investment for Skills Development:   At the preset stage, the non-wage expenditure of UK employers for staff training and skills development is  £20 billion while the government is spending  £12 billion adult learning and skills, in context of other competitors, the UK’s investment for skills development is very poor and emergence to raise this investment by motivating the willingness of employers i n this regard. Strategic Approach of the UK Government for Skills Development The strategic approach of the UK government for Skills and employment development has integrated with a five-step mode to attaining the long-term vision, the first step of the model provide analysis of the impact of skills development from individual engagement to the economic competitiveness along with social cohesion that generally assist to formulate policy and direction for practice.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure-1: UK Government’s Skills Development Model Source: UKCES (2009, p.12) At the second step the challenges are identified for increasing investment for skills development, at the third step the effective policies and incentives are organised and put for practice in the next step, the last step built performance based culture to assess the improvement. Figure 2: Qualifications Demand and Supply, 2006 Source: Felstead, Gallie, Green Zhou (2007, p.42) The UK Governments Strategies on Vocational Training UKCES (2011) noted that UK is comparatively low ranking among OECD nations in terms of the time used in vocational-training; moreover, the percentage of workers at job getting some form of regular vocational-training is rather low in benchmarks of EU; however, still it possesses the principal percentage of projects in comparison to other European countries concerned with vocational-training of workers. The following graph shows the percentage of workers getting some form of vocational training in the country; it is notable that in case of the UK, the percentage of workers is less than 35 percent, where as countries such as Czech Republic, Slovenia, Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium, France, and Sweden have a much better performance in terms of vocational training Figure 3: The percentage of workers getting vocational training Source: UKCES (2009) While such training performance is substantial in comparison with Asian-standards, the degree to which it would meet prerequisite of vocational-courses is doubted; UKCES (2009) noted that less than eighteen percent of the workers got a vocational-training that led towards a nationwide-acknowledged-qualification; to be specific, out of fourteen million workers receiving a vocational training, two and a half million got nationally-recognised-qualification. Because of this, the government of the United Kingdom undertook several strategies even within recession to mitigate the rising concerns relating to its train ing programs; for example, the UK Vocational Qualification Reform Programme (VQRP) has been designed to assist to address this apprehension; this programme is looking forward to improve the vocational training qualifications, making the entire scheme more receptive. It is anticipated that together with additionally supple methods of teaching appraisal, the Vocational Qualification Reform Programme would also permit apprentices to attain credentials in strong steps; in addition, it is notable that a remarkable aspect of this reorganization of the vocational courses is to generate an arrangement, which would meet the demands of employers for lesser entities of knowledge. One of the significant parts of the rearrangement is that the vocational training will be carried out within a system that provides development to a superiority guaranteed certificate; the government and other associated bodies have noted that if these reforms remain to be a success, then an rising percentage of emplo yers training their workers would focus on credentials acknowledged countrywide. However, AOC (2012) identified that there are no grounds to suppose that the United Kingdom’s Vocational Education and Training performs badly in contrast to Australia, Canada or Germany rather, this provides suppleness, strong eminence assertion procedures, efficient governmental assurances of superior benchmarks of professional significance, reliability, dependable and good-governance, administration, and coaching, as well as better clarity aspirations. Recession and job related training to develop skills Mason Bishop (2010, p.36) stated that the employers of this country have changed their policies to reduce costs related with the implementation of skills development plan and training process during the recessionary period; moreover, different employers have considered different forms of training programs, such as, the employers of 1990s focused more on the shorter-duration skilled developme nt program. However, CIPD (2012) provided survey report and mentioned that sales revenues and other business transactions declined significantly in the fiscal year 2008; therefore, a large part of the employers decreased their budget for training to reduce overall expenditure to sustain in the market, for instance, the following figure gives more details in this regard Figure 4: Change in training costs over previous 12 months- 2009 (n= 255) Source: Mason Bishop (2010, p.44) Figure 5: Training provision for core group workers: Comparison between 2008 and 2009 (n=270) Source: Mason Bishop (2010, p.44) On the other hand, UKCES (2009) reported that UK experienced growth in the job market in spite of adverse economic condition and reduction of employment rate in 2008. In addition, UKCES (2009, p.3) argued that the government have already taken many initiatives (Ambition 2020) in order recover the economy from recession and change the environment because the employers needed expert, high skill, and more competitive employees to evidence a radical change in terms of higher performance at lower cost. At the same time, UKCES (2009, p.6) identified that development of high skill labour force is one of the most difficult tasks for the employers because employers had cut the job of the skill employees and these employees may get job in other place where they can receive no training related with their job responsibilities. Moreover, the employers had reluctant to increase budget for the training purpose, which can be a significant cause to increase unskilled labour force at present; however, the next figure shows data for the employees under 16-64 age group Figure 6: Job-related training from 1993 to 2009 Source: Mason Bishop (2010, p.18) The above figure represents that Job-related training for all employees decreased dramatically from 2007 and increased low skill labour force in the UK. However, some positive and negative factors are Bewick (2009, p.26) stated that the UK faced â€Å"collective amnesia† due to shortage of skill employees, but global financial crisis mask masked these systemic weaknesses; However, the government of the UK amended statutory provisions and introduced Employment Law 2013 to develop this sector, for instance, all people between 16 and 17 years old in the UK must have to continue in education or training; The employment rate in the private sectors increased significantly in 2012 and this rate decreased in public sectors, which was the reflection of education and reclassification of training system; Introduction of new traineeships programme under new law to support young people and this programme includes work skills training, development of English and math proficiency level (DBIS 2013); Comparison of the UK with Germany and Netherlands According to Keating (2007), UK has developed a mixed-model in its work-training, skills, and VET scheme and in its method of encountering present and future-skills; t he fundamental arrangements of edification and training fluctuate throughout the four amalgamated realms Scotland is greatly independent in edification (but less in training), and institutions in Northern Ireland and Wales are inclusive with vocational-elements. Moreover, in England, secondary edification is varied in both conditions and curriculum; numerous apprentices are enthusiastic towards further education, whilst unsettled worry amid scholastic and professional credentials has resulted in an innovative set of vocational-programs; however, liability of VET segment had detached from local government in 1990s, and this segment has been exposed to various modernization from several governmental branches. Moreover, the country theoretically took an open-minded or deliberate approach for developing the skills and training of the apprentices; it applied several procedures to inspire employer and apprentice’s demand for training, including the People programme, Training Credi ts (coupons) and an income funding; fundamentally, this matter of constructing demand for training is the major confront of the deliberate and mixed model, Germany, in comparison, has endured numerous major tremors over the last couple of decades firstly, reunification has adjoined encumber of scientific and commercial backwardness, secondly, a lengthier procedure of partial-obsolescence of the training-system has generated chiefly middle-level-skills in context of increasing significance of high-skills-level, and thirdly, there has been extremely deprived performance and huge disparities in performance of German apprentices. This has led to substantial stress on VET-segment and Dual-Scheme of apprenticeship that offers the targets for about sixty percent of school-leavers; theoretically, the German scheme is demand-oriented, since it is mainly based on apprenticeship spaces that are offered principally by private segment corporations; nevertheless, it is an obverse end arrangement that provides a huge number of apprenticeship skilled employees. Keating (2007) also noted that the German scheme is highly controlled with a composite procedure that comprises the local governments and social-partners; it provides an approach where partakers are firmly incorporated within the course of shaping the necessity for and deliverance of credentials and training; UKCES (2012) noted that this intended-model incorporates governmental collaborators, and ties institutional-structures of VET: Figure 7: German Education/training model Source: UKCES (2012) In contrast, like Germany, Netherlands possesses curriculum-oriented vocational-training-system, but with superior of suppleness; it offers an occupation-oriented structure that recommends the substance and duration of training-courses: Figure 8: Netherlands’ Education/training model Source: UKCES (2012) Figure 9: Expenditure on training-related % of GDP (2005) Source: Meager (2008) Recommendation The government sho uld develop powerful monitoring committee to continue different training and skill programmes and assess the success of these programmes; To make the UK a global leader in skills, DfES (2006) recommended that that 95% adults have to take basic literacy knowledge, shifting the balance of intermediate skills from Level two to three, individuals have to raise their aspirations and awareness; The government should simplify the entire system including demand-led system in order to attract the employees of different cultural background to develop skills for the different sectors; The legal framework has not imposed any liability or obligation on the employers to train their employees; At the same time, the employers in the present recessionary period have provided less importance on training and decreased budget for training as part of their cost reduction programme. Therefore, the policy makers should arrange awareness programme in order to give the message to the employers that skill la bour force can increase productivity along with sales revenue by showing their performance in the workplace; There are many other factors to improve skills, such as, closer supervision of the labour supply, tackling inequality and consider enhanced ‘skills utilisation’, targeted support for displaced employees, strengthening the voice of employers, increase budget in the right sorts of training and arrange high-value-added training programme, and so on Reference List AOC 2012, UK Vocational Education and Training (VET) Towards a Comprehensive Strategy for International Development, aoc.co.uk/download.cfm?docid=9BBEDC33-505A-43BB-8B6322ADF6E60A20. Bewick, T 2009, UK employment and skills in a global recession, http://aces.shu.ac.uk/employability/resources/UKEmploymentSkillsIn%20GlobalRecession.pdf. BIS 2010, A Strategy For Sustainable Growth, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/31998/10-1059-sustainable-growth-economic-annex.pdf. CI PD 2012, Learning and Talent Development: Annual Survey Report, digitalopinion.co.uk/files/documents/CIPD_2012_LTD_Report.pdf. DBIS 2013, Employment law 2013: progress on reform, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/141918/13-P136-employment-law-2013-progress-on-reform1.pdf. DfES 2006, Prosperity for all in the global economy – world class skills: The Leitch review of skills and World class skills: Implementing the Leitch Review of Skills in England, hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/leitch_finalreport051206.pdf. Durrant, H, 2012, Governing Skills, Governing Workplaces: State-steered Voluntarism in England under New Labour, http://opus.bath.ac.uk/32549/1/UnivBath_PhD_2012_H_Durrant.pdf. Felstead, A, Gallie, D, Green, F Zhou, Y 2007, Skills at Work, 1986 to 2006, cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/contactsandpeople/alanfelstead/SkillsatWork-1986to2006.pdf. Keating, J 2007, Matching supply of and demand for skills: International perspectives, flinders.edu.au/sabs/nil s-files/reports/NCVER_DMS_43287-v7-Program_5_2.pdf. Mason, G Bishop, K 2010, Adult Training, Skills Updating and Recession in the UK: The Implications for Competitiveness and Social Inclusion, llakes.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/T.-Adult-Training-Skills-Updating-and-Recession.pdf. Meager, N, 2008, The Role of Training and Skills Development in Active Labour Market Policies, employment-studies.co.uk/pdflibrary/wp15.pdf. UKCES 2009, Ambition 2020: World Class Skills and Jobs for the UK, ukces.org.uk/publications/ambition2020. UKCES 2010, Skills for Jobs: Today and Tomorrow, ukces.org.uk/assets/ukces/docs/publications/national-strategic-skills-audit-for-england-2010-volume-1-key-findings.pdf. UKCES 2011, UK Employer Skills Survey 2011: First Findings, ukces.org.uk/assets/ukces/docs/publications/uk-ess-first-findings-2011-amended-22-dec.pdf. UKCES 2012, International approaches to the development of intermediate level skills and apprenticeships, ukces.org.uk/assets/ukces/docs/pu blications/evidence-report-42-international-approaches-synthesis-report.pdf. Footnotes UKCES

A Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

A Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases A Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases A Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases By Mark Nichol When it comes to following grammatical rules by example, the field is a minefield, because many publishers and publications can’t even seem to get it right, and writers must resort to hunting down the correct usage in a style guide or a writing handbook. Take, for instance, phrases of several words in which hyphenation seems to be called for. Is it â€Å"word of mouth,† or â€Å"word-of-mouth†? Do you write â€Å"on the spot,† or â€Å"on-the-spot†? The quick-and-easy answer is, for these and most other apparent word chains, break those chains: No hyphens are necessary unless the phrase precedes a noun: â€Å"I rely on word-of-mouth communication†; â€Å"She made an on-the-spot assessment.† But the game changes for a special class of phrase that, for lack of standard nomenclature, we can call anatomical association: When your dorsal side is opposite someone else’s, you’re standing back-to-back, and when you confront someone, you go head-to-head. This type of phrase is sometimes hyphenated in adverbial form (used in conjunction with a verb) as well as in adjectival form (preceding or following a noun): â€Å"He produced back-to-back hits throughout the decade.† â€Å"She hoped to a avoid a head-to-head confrontation.† Unfortunately, though, even that classification is inconsistent: When you line up among a row of people to your left and right, you’re positioned side by side, not side-by-side. (Though you still hyphenate the adjectival form you stand in a side-by-side formation.) You can live a hand-to-mouth existence, but you’re living hand to mouth, not hand-to-mouth. Some similar phrases, such as â€Å"head to toe† or â€Å"hand in hand,† aren’t even in the dictionary, so the same rule applies; leave open in adverbial form, and hyphenate as an adjective. (Phrasal adjectives usually remain open after a noun, but these aren’t conducive to that syntax anyway.) This maddening inconsistency leaves us where we started: When in doubt, look it up. And what about even longer word strings? You can write that someone has a devil-may-care attitude, and that someone has a not-in-my-backyard mentality, but where do you draw the line and stop drawing that little line we call a hyphen? What if someone has a do-unto-others-before-someone-does-unto-you approach to life? Many such phrases are enclosed in quotation marks rather than hyphenated, which is reasonable for something that would conceivably be uttered and doesn’t play havoc with narrow columns of type (as it may very well have done here). But phrases of manageable length like â€Å"not in my backyard,† even though they’re hypothetical statements, should remain in phrasal-adjective mode. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterHow to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsDouble Possessive

Ecology and Diversity of Cambrian Faunas Lab Report

Ecology and Diversity of Cambrian Faunas - Lab Report Example It was required to compare the results with information on modern faunas and normal Cambrian faunas. Also, it was required to discuss the representativeness of the former and the differences between the latter and Cambrian faunas.   It represents most of the deep marine but not shallow or tropical one. The reason for this is that Cambrian rocks only have marine fossils, mainly for species that lived on hard substrates on the sea floor and this includes Burgess Shale fauna   6. How does fauna of Burgess Shale compare with that of Cambrian deposits exhibiting normal (mineralized hard part-only) preservation, in terms of higher taxa represented and their relative proportion? How representative therefore are normal faunas?   In terms of higher taxa representation, Cambrian deposits exhibiting normal (mineralized hard part-only) preservation accounts for only a minor component of the total diversity. Similarly, in most Burgess Shale-types deposits, the Shelly assemblage normally represents a small proportion of the collected specimen. In this case, soft-bodied organisms fossilized remains especially from Burgess Shale the Cambrian ecosystem knowledge could be totally limited   Burgess fauna consists of many soft-bodied animals’ fossils as well as those with hard parts. A completely soft-bodied animal normally rot away before it is fossilized. Hard parts are crucial because they are more easily preserved; they are seen to help an organism last for a longer time to become fossilized. Burgess Shale is rich in life most of the fauna in it are soft bodies while it contains only 0.89% of mineralized hard parts.   Burgess Shale, organisms lived in underwater mud banks, the moving water buried living organism in moving sediment. They are therefore found in random orientation. Modern muddy marine invertebrates usually curl up upon dying but fossils of the Burgess Shale locality never exhibit such coiling and there is evidence that this organism died instantly.   

What is your specific research interests in finance Scholarship Essay

What is your specific research interests in finance - Scholarship Essay Example My research interest in real estate financing stems from the challenges facing the real estate industry—high interest rates. Increased interest rates have negative impact on investors and buyers, who may be reluctant into making meaningful investment options. Often, some investors have to contend with high interest rates that reduce the ability to repay their mortgages with time. Despite this scenario, I am interested into finding factors that influence interest rates on real estate products. Equally important, I will focus on how this research will provide guidance to investors interested in avoiding burdens from mortgages. With this goal, I am confident being awarded scholarship in finance will enable me to learn the tools and concepts that will allow me to conduct this study. Without doubt, awarding me this scholarship will enable me deriver immense insight on financial trends in the real estate arena. Ultimately, I see myself graduating and providing significant solutions on how investors can take make sound investment, despite challenges high interest

Book Review on Urban Poverty Essay Example for Free

Book Review on Urban Poverty Essay Urban poverty is the outcome of urban-bias development projects being predominantly financed by the external capital, either in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or Aid. The urban-bias industrialization strategy performed as a pull factor for the rural unemployed. This strategy contributed to the expanding of urban informal sectors where unskilled as well as highly unorganized day labours remain concentrated in the urban and semi-urban areas. It is also debated that the redistribution of capital investment towards the rural based agricultural activities including plantation sectors through the coordinated efforts of both public and private sectors such as civil and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can go a long way to break the growing negative effects of over urbanization on poverty, moral and social crimes as consequent of unequal economic growth. The author, Pramanik discusses urban poverty in Malaysia cases. He begins with the overview of the poverty scenario followed by research methods and research findings along with summarization policy suggestions. This book contented five chapters including appendices, references and index. In the introductory chapter (pp. 1-5), Pramanik says poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that is hard to come up with a universally acceptable definition of poverty. Most commonly argued issue on poverty is whether poverty should be looked at from absolute or relative perspective. Absolute poverty based on specific income level called poverty line income (PLI) that can be calculated either using the market value of a basket full of goods and services considered essential for reasonably acceptable standard of living. On the contrary, relative poverty arises when we talk about how good or bad one member is doing in relation to another member living in the same society. According to O’Boyle, poverty is a concept that is both absolute and relative because human beings are at the same time individual and social (O’Boyle E.  J, 1990). In chapter two (pp. 7-20), Pramanik talks about poverty scenario in Malaysia. He argues that the income poverty using official poverty line income seems near to the absolute poverty whereas the human poverty based on the degree of human deprivation resembles relative poverty, which is ensuing of unequal access to income earning opportunity. Because of this, the author focuses more on human aspect of poverty in terms of its long term implications of social factors. Micro level study (Pramanik, 2004) do suggest that family size either in urban or rural areas of the four concentrated states namely, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perak is quite above the family size used for the national level. Pramanik (1997 2000) examined that rural poverty in the four poverty-concentrated states on multi dimensional aspects of the problem such as, social, economic, demographic, psychological, political, moral, historical, attitudinal, and natural factors. In chapter three (pp. 5-20), the author discusses regarding research methodology. The study is based on the primary data as well as secondary information. The primary data collected through the administration of well-structured questionnaire in the middle of 2006. The sampling technique used is purposive as well as random and based on participatory observation method. Around 3112 households from 8 major cities living in poverty concentrated areas classified by squatters, low-cost buildings, longhouses etc. were selected for data collection. He defined â€Å"household† as an entity of those living under the same roof as well as eating from the same kitchen. In chapter four (pp. 21-97), he talks about the research findings. The author uses purposive and collecting sampling technique to identify the level of poverty suffered by those living in the squatters and in the area/blocks/buildings designed for the lower income groups in the major cities of Malaysia. This is because those who are living in these areas suffer different degrees and types of poverty measured by the level of deprivations. The household having less than RM 398(less than half of the poverty line) is called hardcore poor, household earning equal to RM 398 but less than 663 is called overall poor and more than RM 663 is called non-poor. The best performing state in terms of lowest incidence of overall poverty (0. 9) with no hardcore poor followed by KL (2. 6) and JB (8. 1) inclusive of hardcore and overall poor. While less developed states- KB, KT, and AS, KB experiences the highest incidence of poverty hardcore poor and overall poor of 33. 7 followed by KT (23. 4) and AS (14). On the other hand, Sabah and Sarawak are worst performing states reported in 9MP and his survey data. The author suggests that as far as poverty reduction is concerned Sabah and Sarawak are still the worst among all other regions states in Malaysia in 2007. The poverty is gender bias is a universal when hardcore poverty is concerned. In terms of hardcore and overall poverty, the female –headed households are more likely to be poorer by 50 percent compared the male-headed households. The higher dependency of more members on a few incomes of earners in the households also creates a constraint on resources allocation by the poor households. Approximately 60 percent of poor household’s more than two members depend on the income of one earner. The lower dependency has implication for the ability of the poor households to hold out poverty at times of economic recession or downturn since higher dependency manifest through the lower dependency ratio is positively related to higher unemployment. Pramanik found on the distribution of households based on the dependency ratio and cities seem to suggest that the relatively higher percentages of households (68. 8) from LDS are associated with higher dependency as emerged through the lower coefficients of DR (0. ) as opposed to a lower percentage of households from MDS (53. 3) experiencing lower dependency ratio. Human capital is considered as the most fundamental asset. The presence of economic opportunities created by the growth, an individual with one additional year of education acquires more ability to compete and derive benefits from the market. As for as the illiterac y, the author suggests that the percentage of households having no education in much higher for the three Least Developed States( LDS) as compare to the More Developed States (MDS). If the education level exceeding 6 years but less than 12 year are considered as a measure of better educational standard, the highest percentage of household members (72. 7) come from 3 MDS followed by the lowest (57) from the two LDS. The better quality of life achievable through higher level of education has convinced the younger generation regardless of race or geographical distribution of population to pursue education by all possible means. So that government spends money for education, skills and training. Dr. Muhammad Yunus claims that access to credit should be treated as a part of human rights. The access to credit empowers the poor households to make use of their survival skills thus unleashing their productive potentials. Every human being is imparted with some sorts of surviving skills by the Almighty –the creator. Dr. Yunus has proven that an access to small credit can significantly help the asset less poor to unleash their hidden potentials to earn more and combat poverty. The poor have nobody to talk to and no place to go. Sometimes, they have no work to do and no food to eat and finally none to depend on. They are always by-passed and looked down upon (Narayan, 2000). The poor are not even trusted because of lack of social status. Of the three races the Chinese seem to be more satisfied with their neighbors (69 percent as very helpful) followed by the Indians (46 percent) and Malays take a middle position (64 percent). The criteria of social capital there appear to be a positive relationship between the lower Mean Monthly Household Income (MMHY) of the Indians and the lower level of trustworthiness as a proxy for very helpful neighbors. The relationship between trustworthiness and success in trade seems quite obvious among the Chinese compared to the Malays and the Indians. There are lots of arguments regarding poverty. â€Å"We are so rich, because they are so poor† (Landes, 1998). It means the existence of poor is essential for survival for rich. Yunus believes that the poverty is created by the system (Yunus with Jolis, 1998). The poor in any society are best known for their simplicity, altruism, moderation, complacency, peaceful coexistence, moral, conservative as well as traditional values. The presence of high morality and the future uncertainty, the poverty stricken parents never consider additional babies as a liability. For the poor, children are always considered as assets and blessing of God because they are the ones the poor parents can really depend on in their old age. Old –age pension or insurance for all are hardly found in the developing world, traditional babies are always treated as insurance for the old age. The author found that in general, the respondents from low income urban households give higher priority to good values like the spirit of tolerance reflected through ability to respect other races or religion, ability to maintain one’s own culture, ability to live like a good human being, having good moral standard. The findings clearly suggest that they show least preference for blindly imitating the life style of the better-off. So, the poor who are known for their simple and moderate life are not the victim of the demonstration effects. Concentration of power, lack of transparency and good governance among many others, interact to perpetual corruption in less developed countries (Pramanik, 2003 2007). In last chapter in his book (pp. 97-106), the author summarizes his findings and gives policy suggestions. Firstly, poverty is gender based. As far as poor, inclusive of hardcore and overall poor are concerned the female headed households far outweigh the male headed households. Secondly, there is an inverse relationship between family size and incidence of poverty. Thirdly, higher dependency measured by lower dependency ratio seems to be positively related to the incidence of poverty across the regions. Fourth, the access to human capital in terms of level of education emerges as one of the most important determinants of poverty. Fifth, the access to financial capital in the form of loan made seems to be a good determinant of household income regardless of regional or racial consideration. Finally, based on the perception of the urban poor about development, Pramanik findings suggest that, the human capital such as easy access to education, social overhead capital encompassing good roads, good and owned house, water and electricity deserve the highest priority. The author gives some policy suggestions relevant to the policy-makers, planners and administrators. First, in line with three major strategies such as, enhancing the nation’s competitiveness, strengthening human capital development and ensuring the well-being of all Malaysians within the contexts of elaborate policy strategies under ninth Malaysian plan, that will be to help the primary and secondary level students from broken families, unemployed parents, low income households living in crammed and unhealthy housing conditions. Second, the plan to establish different growth corridors covering the less and the least developed states. Four, having the good record of NGOs in eradicating poverty and enhancing social-economic well-being of the target groups, the existing public level institutions may gradually encourage the NGOs/welfare organization/civil societies supported either publicly or privately to shoulder responsibility in overcoming poverty. Finally, efforts can be made to raise the status of Aim as a full-pledge bank for the poor as like Grameen bank of Bangladesh to deal with poverty eradication. In conclusion it can be said that the author, Pramanik expounded very well regarding the poverty of Malaysia. The urban poverty is indistinguishably linked to rural poverty. In fact, the former is caused by the latter. The Pull and Push factors can significantly explain the prevailing dismal conditions associated with urban poverty. Based on the details findings on the multi-dimensional aspects of urban poverty, it can be suggested that the development should be taken to the people and not the people to the development which is mostly confined to the urban areas.

Eccentric Artists and Mad Scientists Essay -- Biology Essays Research

Creativity and Irrational Forces: Eccentric Artists and Mad Scientists "Men have called me mad, but the question is not yet settled, whether madness is or is not the loftiest intelligence--whether much that is glorious--whether all that is profound--does not spring from disease of thought--from moods of mind exalted at the expense of the general intellect. Those who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those who dream only by night" - Edgar Allen Poe "Imagination is more important than knowledge" - Albert Einstein Is creative genius somehow woven together with "madness"? According to the dictionary, "to create" is "to bring into being or form out of nothing." Such a powerful, mysterious, and seemingly impossible act must surely be beyond the scope of scientific inquiry. No wonder creativity has for so long been "explained" as the expression of an irrational, intuitive psychic "underground" teaming with forces (perhaps divine) that are unknown and unknowable (at least to the "sane," rational mind). The ancient Greeks believed creative inspiration was achieved through altered states of mind such as "divine madness." Socrates said: "If a man comes to the door of poetry untouched by the madness of the muses, believing that technique alone will make him a good poet, he and his sane compositions never reach perfection, but are utterly eclipsed by the inspired madman" (8). Creative inspiration - particularly artistic inspiration -- has often been thought to require the sampling of dark "depths" of ir rationality while maintaining at least some connection to everyday reality. This dive into underground forces "reminds one of a skin-diver with a breathing tube" wrote Arthur Koestler in his influential book... ...ay.html 15) Divergent thinking - J.P. Guilford , Guilford 's divergent production operation identifies a number of different types of creative abilities. http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen/CRTVYW99/Guilford.htm 16) The Gift of Saturn: Creativity and Psychopathology -- Antonio Preti , Antonio Preti, MD; Paola Miotto, MD CMG, Psychiatry branch via Costantinopoli 42, 09129 Cagliari, Italy http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/serendipia/Serendipia-Preti.html 17) Circadian Rhythms Factor in Rapid- Cycling Bipolar Disorder by Ellen Leibenluft , M.D. Psychiatric Times May 1996 Vol. XIII Issue 5 http://www.mhsource.com/edu/psytimes/p960533.jhtml?_requestid=612579 18) Creativity and unpredictability -- Margaret Boden , http://shr.stanford.edu/shreview/4-2/text/boden.html 19) Famous Quotes - Einstein , http://stripe.colorado.edu/~judy/einstein/famous.html

Finance Project

Note: Below are some of the topics of projects for example only. You may visit the organization and the guide (Manager from the particular Organization may suggest you some suitable topic related to the Organization) Suggested topics are Projects topics for MBA but are not limited to: Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Project Topics PROJECT TOPICS FOR HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT A study of performance appraisal / performance management system in XYZ organization Assessment of role stress amongst the employees of XYZ organization Job satisfaction survey at XYZ organization Competency mapping in an organization Training effectiveness in an organization Study of organizational culture OCTAPACE profile. Motivational analysis of organization A comparative study of team effectives in an organization: Team effectiveness assessment measure. A study of Compensation Management System A detailed study of promotion and reward policy of organization A study of quality of work life in an organization. Mapping training need of employees: Training Need Analysis PROJECT TOPICS RELATED TO MARKETING Formulation of Marketing Strategies to Improve Market Share of LG Microwave Ovens Improving the Effectiveness & Efficiency of Operations at Cox & Kings India Ltd. Demand Forecasting for Orion-ERP Package for ICICI Infotech in Bangalore, based on Small & Medium Enterprises. Developing a Service Delivery Model to bridge the gap between services expected & provided by ICICI Home Loans. Strategies for Increasing the Occupancy Rate of the Taj West End Hotel, Bangalore A Market Feasibility Study for New X-ray Machines from Wipro-GE Medical Systems Distribution Mapping & Dealer Satisfaction Survey for Nokia Mobile Phones. A Study of Marketing Strategies & Distribution Channels in North Karnataka for Cholamandalam Investment & Finance Company Ltd. A Study to improve Awareness level of Triraksha Welfare Scheme among farmers for Tractors & Farm Equipment Ltd A Study to increase Penetration Level & Brand Loyalty among existing consumers of Samsung India Electronics Ltd. 3 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 PROJECTS TOPICS RELATED TO FINANCE The study on Indian Financial System post liberalization The impact of Global recession on Information Technology sector in India The impact of recent global economic slump on Indian capital market A comparative study of bancassurance products in banks A Compara tive study of Equity linked Savings Schemes floated by domestic Mutual fund players. A Comparative Study of cost of capital in Automobile /Steel/Pharma/Finance industry A comparative study of Finance performance of banks using various ratios. Profitability and Operational Efficiency of Public Sector banks Profitability and Operational Efficiency of banks in India A study of working capital management in small scale industries The scope of Microfinance in Indian context. Financial Inclusion- The scope and effect in Indian economy Rural banking in India Dematerialization – The scope and effect. The future of Investment banks in the post Lehman Brothers era PROJECTS TOPICS RELATED TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS Role of software agents as a collaborative tool-Ecommerce Hospital Management System-Database Approach, Mangala hospital, Hassan Automation of Banking database, XYZ Bank. Automation of Customer Relation Database, A SAP Product A study on Electronic data storage- Steel factory, Mumbai A webpage design using JAVA-Google page Projects topics for MBA – Project Management Application of Project Management Processes to the Global Product Development System TRIZ applied in Product Development Project Prioritization. Project Cost Estimation Virtual Project Management Continuous Business Process Improvement (CBPI) Force Field Analysis Information Risk Management SEI – CMM & ISO Certification Recent Revolutions in Project Management Modern Trends in Project Management Perception Knowledge Management in Project Management Project Management Application Softwares Project Risk Management Project Administration Project Feasibility Studies Importance of Human Resource Management in Project Management. Projects topics for MBA – Operations Management Concepts and Techniques related to materials management 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Computer and Quantitative models used in formulating managerial problems. Concepts and Techniques of Value Analysis to effectively control costs. Deterministic and Stochastic inventory models. Just In Time Production. Logistics Management. Project Scheduling. Manufacturing strategy. Site and Location Analysis. Application of Quantitative Analysis and Computers for managerial decision making in operations problems. A study on tools and techniques (e. g. , CPM and PERT) developed to aid the planning, scheduling, and control of projects. Quality issues related to enhancing customer satisfaction (both internal and external) to ensure long-term customer loyalty. Ethical Issues in Operations Management Studies and conclusions of McGregor, Maslow, Herzburg, Likert, Aggyris, and Blake on Operations Management Behavioral Science. The use of material and supply chain management in manufacturing and service organizations to reduce inventory levels while providing adequate service to customers. Problems encountered in planning, operating, and controlling production of goods and services Tools in project management A study on the methods of planning, organizing, and controlling maintenance. A study on Production and inventory control, procurement, distribution, and their interrelationships. A study on Total Quality Management, human resources, finance and accounting, information systems, and their interrelationships Investigation into computerized production technology Study on Plant layout design depending on type of production system. Flexible Manufacturing Systems Computer Integrated Manufacturing Workforce Management Work study, Method Study and Time Study Modern Trends in Project Management